BS
1971
- San Diego State University
- GPA 3.7 With Honors & Distinctions in the Major.
- Major: Systems Ecology, Mathematical Modeling & Computer Simulation of Ecosystems
- Minor: Mathematics, (Diff. Eqs. and Statistics)
MS
1974
- San Diego State University
- GPA 3.6
- Major: Systems Ecology, Mathematical Modeling & Computer Simulation of Ecosystems
Ph.D.
1978
- Washington State University
- GPA 3.6
- Major: Entomology, Mathematical Modeling & Computer Simulation of Insect Ecosystems